Fish sex testing attracts research grant

Dr Ioanna Katsiadaki, a researcher from the Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and based in Weymouth, received confirmation today of grant funding for her work to replace, reduce or refine the use of animals (the "3Rs") in research and testing.

The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), an independent funding organisation set up by the Government in 2004, awarded Dr Katsiadaki a grant of £398,640.

European legislation requires chemicals to be tested to ensure that they are safe for humans and the environment. Many of the tests require the use of fish. Dr Katsiadaki's proposal for validating a Fish Sexual Development Test (FSDT) evaluates the effects of chemicals on sexual development and uses newly hatched fish to determine if such exposure poses risk to the fish or, potentially, to humans.

Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are a group of man-made chemicals that can mimic the function of hormones such as oestrogen, affecting the normal functioning of hormones. Exposure to EDs in the environment is raising concerns that sexual development in humans could be affected. For example, a number of studies have attempted to link exposure to EDs with a decline in sperm count and the increased incidence of some cancers.

The fish endocrine system is strikingly similar to that of humans. For that reason, fish have been used as a surrogate to assess the effect of EDs on the human endocrine system, in addition to assessing the effects of EDs in the environment. Dr Katsiadaki's grant-funded project will use the three-spined stickleback, a particularly useful species of fish, for addressing the 3Rs in fish toxicity testing, with the aim of reducing the total number of fish used from nearly 500 to 160 per chemical.

Dr Katsiadaki said: "In the three-spined stickleback, a genetic test can be used to determine the sex of an individual fish, rather than inferring sex from appearance alone. This makes the stickleback more suitable for the FSDT test compared with other fish.

"While a fish is growing and maturing, EDs can alter the apparent sex so differences between the actual (genetic) sex and the developed (phenotypic) sex could indicate the presence of EDs. The lack of a molecular marker for sex in other fish means that sex ratios can only be estimated, so more fish are used to gain a more accurate estimate of the effect. The ability to assign genetic sex increases the power of the test and will therefore reduce the number of fish used."

Dr Vicky Robinson, chief executive of the NC3Rs, said: "I am delighted that we have been able to increase our investment in research. Our funding scheme has developed into a highly competitive funding stream attracting very high quality proposals, from leading UK scientists and institutions. We are starting to see the results of this in terms of reducing the number of animals used, improving animal welfare and supporting research to understand and develop treatments for human diseases."  Dr Katsiadaki's grant is part of a wider funding package of £2.6 million for a total of ten new projects.  

Notes to editors

1. Cefas is an internationally renowned scientific research and advisory establishment, with its headquarters at Lowestoft, Suffolk, since 1902. Operating as an executive agency of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), Cefas works alongside government and other agencies, both in the UK and internationally, to play a vital role in securing healthy marine and freshwater environments for everyone's well-being, health and prosperity. 
2. The agency achieves its aims by providing evidence-based scientific advice, managing related data and information, conducting world-class scientific research, and facilitating collaborative action through its wide-ranging international relationships. It applies its expertise and knowledge gained through over 100 years of applied science and research to fisheries management, environment and biodiversity protection, and aquaculture. For more detail about its range of activities visit /.
3. The endocrine system controls, amongst other functions, sexual development.  Exposure to ED chemicals in the environment is raising concerns: as well as posing potential health risks to humans, endocrine disruption to wildlife such as fish, due to the accumulation of EDs in the environment, is now a significant factor in environmental toxicity testing and in the scientific debate on environmental policy.
4. The National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs) is an independent, scientific organisation which finds innovative solutions to: 
   • Replace animals in research with non-animal alternatives
   • Reduce the number of animals used in experiments
   • Refine scientific procedures and animal husbandry to minimise suffering.
   The NC3Rs drives advances in the 3Rs by taking a robust scientific approach, and bringing together expertise from a diverse range of areas, including academia, industry, government and regulatory bodies. It is an independent organisation, set up by the Government in 2004, and reporting to the Science Minister and stakeholders. More information can be found at http://www.nc3rs.org.uk/.
5. In December 2007, Ian Pearson MP, Minister of State for Science and Innovation, announced that under the Government's comprehensive spending review, the NC3Rs funding would increase from just over £2 million per year for 2007-08 to just over £5 million in 2010-11. 
6. A photograph of Cefas' Dr Ioanna Katsiadaki is included with this release.

Press contact:
Anne McClarnon: Telephone: 01502 524370 / Email: anne.mcclarnon@cefas.co.uk