Home      Site map

References

The Effects of Dredged Material Deposition on Benthic Invertebrates

Broome, S. W., Seneca, E. D., and Woodhouse, W. W. 1988. Tidal salt marsh restoration. Aq. Bot. 32: 1-22.

Cammen, L. M. 1976. Macroinvertebrate colonisation of Spartina marshes artificially on dredge spoil. Est., Coastal and Mar. Sci. 4: 357-372.

Cammen, L. M., Seneca, E. D., and Copeland, B. J. 1976. Animal colonisation of man-initiated salt marshes on dredge spoil. UNC-SG-74-15: 1-62.

Clark, D. and Miller-Way, T. 1992. An environmental assessment of the effects of open-water disposal of maintenance dredged material on benthic resources in Mobile Bay, Alabama. WES/MP/EL-D-92-1, 1-40. 1992. Vicksburg, Army Engineer Waterways Experimental Station.

Craft, C., Reader, J., Sacco J.N. and Broome, S.W. (1999). Twenty-five years of ecosystem development of constructed Spartina alterniflora (Loisel) marshes. Ecol. Appl. 9: 1405-1419.

Dalal, V. P., Baker, J. E., and Mason, R. P. (1999). Environmental assessment of Poplar Island dredged material placement site, Talbot County, Maryland. Estuaries 22: 770-784.

Dearnaley, M. P. and Burt, T. N. 1995. Beneficial use of muddy dredged material. Dredging 14(5): 20-24.

Delaney, T. P., Webb, J. W., and Minello, T. J. (2000). Comparison of physical characteristics between created and natural estuarine marshes in Galveston Bay, Texas. Wetlands Ecology and Management 8: 343-352.

Diaz-Castaneda, V. and Safran, P. (1988). Colonisation dynamics of polychaetes, in a soft-bottom benthic environment. An experimental study in the Mediterranean. Oceanol. Acta 11: 285-297.

Diaz, R. J. and Boesch, D. F. 1997. The impact of fluid mud dredged material on benthic commnities of the tidal James River, Virginia. US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment station. D-77-45, 1-82.

Diaz, R. J. (1994). Response of tidal freshwater macrobenthos to sediment disturbance. Hydrobiologia 278: 201-212.

Dyer, M. 2000. Stour Estuary benthic survey of sediment placement sites. Results of pre- and post-placement benthic sampling in 1998 and 1999.

Eagle, R. A., Hardiman, P. A., Norton, M. G., Nunny, R. S., and Rolfe, M. S. 1979. The field assessment of effects of dumping wastes at sea: 5 The disposal of solid wastes off the north-east coast of England. Fisheries Research Technical Report No. 51.

Elliot, M., Cutts, N., Hemingway, K., Read, S., Allen, J., and Jones, N. 2000. Impacts of sediment disturbance and recharge schemes on intertidal benthic infauna. Report to English Nature, Z107-D-2000.

Engler, R., Saunders, L., and Wright, T. 1991. Environmental effects of aquatic disposal of dredged material. The Environmental Professional 13: 317-325.

Environment Agency, 2000. Monitoring foreshore recharge works, Essex 1998-2002.

Essink, K.. 1995. Ecological effects of dredging ad dumping of dredged material. WSNL 1995-1, 9-13.

Essink, K..1997. RIACON risk analysis of coastal nourishment techniques.

Essink, K.. 1999. Ecological effects of dumping of dredged sediments: options for management. J. Coastal Conserv. 5: 69-80.

Evans, N. C. 1994. Effects of dredging and dumping on the marine environment of Hong Kong. Terra et Aqua 57: 15-25.

Evans, P. R., Ward, R.M., Bone M. and Leakey M. 1998. Creation of Temperate-climate intertidal mudflats: factors affecting colonisation and use by benthic invertebrates and their bird predators. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 37: 535-545.

Flemer, D. A., Ruth, B.F., Bundrick, C.M. and Gaston, G.R. 1997. Macrobenthic community colonisation and community development in dredged material disposal habitats off coastal Louisiana. Env. Pollut. 96: 141-154.

Ford, M. A., Cahoon, D. R., and Lynch, J. C. 1999. Restoring marsh elevation in a rapidly subsiding salt marsh by thin-layer deposition of dredged material. Ecol. Eng. 12: 189-205.

French, J. R. and Watson, C. 1999. Foreshore recharge for restoration of eroded intertidal profiles: Shotley Point mud placement.

Frenkel, R. E. and Morlan, J. C. 1991. Can we restore our saltmarshes?. Lessons from the Salmon River, Oregon. The Northwest Environmental Journal 7: 119-135.

Gross, M. G. and Cronin, W. B. 1979. Dredging and disposal in Chesapeake Bay, 1975-2025. In: Ocean dumping and marine pollution (eds. Palmer, H. D. and Gross, M. G.), pp. 131-145.

Harrison, W. 1967. Environmental effects of dredging and spoil deposition. pp. 535-559.

Harvey, M., Gauthier, D., and Munro, J. 1998. Temporal changes in the composition and abundance of the macro-benthic invertebrate communities at dredged material disposal sites in the Anse a Beaufils, Baie des Chaleurs, Eastern Canada. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 36: 41-55.

Havens, K. J., Varnell, L. M., and Bradshaw, J. G. 1995. An assessment of ecological conditions in a constructed tidal marsh and two natural reference tidal marshes in coastal Virginia. Ecol. Eng. 4: 117-141.

Hily, C. 1983. Macrozoobenthic recolonisation after dredging in a sandy mud area of the Bay of Brest enriched by organic matter. Oceanologica Acta. Proceedings of the 17th European Marine Biology Symposium, Brest, France, 113-120.

Hirsch, N.D. 1978. Effects of dredgings and disposal on aquatic organisms.

Johnston, S. A. 1981. Estuarine dredge and fill activities: A review of impacts. Environmental management 5: 427-440.

Jones, A. R. 1986. The effects of dredging and spoil disposal on macrobenthos, Hawkesbury Estuary, N.S.W. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 17: 17-20.

Jumars, P. A. and Nowell, A. R. M. 1984. Fluid and sediment dynamic effects on marine benthic community structure. Am. Zool. 24: 45-55.

Kaplan, E. H., Welker, J. R., and Kraus, M. G. 1974. Some effects of dredging on populations of macrobenthic organisms. Fish. Bull. 72: 445-480.

Kaplan, E. H., Welker, J.R., Kraus, M.G. and McCourt S. 1975. Some factors affecting the colonization of a dredged channel. Mar. Biol. 32: 193-204.

Kirby, R. 1997. Beneficial uses of fine-grained dredged material - new frontiers. Dredging 14(4), 32-35

Kirby, R. 1995. Tidal flat regeneration - a beneficial use of muddy dredged material. van Dam, V. L. 319-332. Proceedings of the fourteenth World Dredging Congress, 1995, WODCON XIV. Dredging benefits, Amsterdam.

Landin, M. C., Patin, T. R., Davis, J. E., Palermo, M. R., and Clarke, D. G. 1995. Environmental restoration and habitat development using dredged material in U.S. waters. 173-182. Proceedings of the fourteenth World Dreging Congress, 1995, WODCON XIV. Dredgings benefits, Amsterdam. van Dam, V. L.

LaSalle, M. W., Nelson, D. A., and Clausner, J. E. 1998. Physical and biological monitoring of aquatic dredged material disposal sites. D-88-2. Environmental effects of dredging.

Laselle, M. W., Landin, M. C., and Sims, J. G. 1991. Evaluation of the flora and fauna of a Spartina alterniflora marsh established on dredged material in Winyah Bay, South Carolina. Wetlands 11: 191-208.

Leathem, W. A., Kinner, P., Maurer, D., Biggs, R. and Treasure W. 1973. Effect of spoil disposal on benthic invertebrates. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 4: 122-125.

Lee, J. G., Nishijima, W., Mukai, T., Takimoto, K., Seiki, T., Hiraoka, K. and Okada, M. 1998. Factors to determine the functions and structures in natural and constructed tidal flats. Water Res. 32: 2601-2606.

Leuchs, H. and Nehring, S. 1999. The effects of dredging and dumping upon the fauna in the marine environment. Unpublished report, pp.1-162.

Levin, L. A., Talley, D., and Thayer, G. 1996. Succession of macrobenthos in a created salt marsh. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 141: 67-82.

Levin, L. A., Talley, D., Talley, T., Larson, A., Jones, A., Thayer, G., Currin, C. and Lund, C. 1997. Restoration of Spartina marsh function: An infaunal perspective. In: Wetland and Riparian Function: Taking a Broader View, MacDonald, K. B. (ed.).

Levings, C. D., Anderson, E. P., and O'Connell, G. W. 1986. Biological effects of dredged-material disposal in Alberni Inlet. In: Waste in the Ocean, Vol. 6, pp.131-155.

López-Jamar, E. and Mejuto, J. 1988. Infaunal benthic recolonisation after dredging operations in La Coruña Bay, NW Spain. Cah. Biol. Mar. 29: 37-49.

Lunz, J. D., Nelson, D. A., Douglas, G. C., and Pullen, E. J. 1997. Long-term disposal site problems and conflicts: Evaluating seafloor impacts using the Benthic Resource Assessment Technique (BRAT). Beneficial uses of dredged material. Proceedings of the Conference on North Atlantic Resources.

MAFF, 1993. Studies at Liverpool Bay site Z dredged material disposal site. No. 36 Monitoring and surveillance of non-radioactive contaminants in the aquatic environment and activities regulating the disposal of wastes at sea, 1991, 59-61.

Markey, J. W. and Putnam, H. D. 1976. A study of the effects of maintenance dredging on selected ecological parameters in the Gulfport Ship Canal, Gulfport, Mississippi. In: Dredging and its environmental effects. pp. 821-832.

Maurer, D. L., Keck, R. T., and Tinsman, J. C. 1978. Vertical migration of benthos in simulated dredge material overburdens. VI. Marine benthos. WES-TR-D-78-35. Lewes College of Marine Studies, Delaware University.

Maurer, D., Keck, R.T., Tinsman, J.C. and Leatham, W.A. 1981. Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material - Part I: Mollusca. Mar. Env. Res. 4: 299-319.

Maurer, D., Keck, R.T., Tinsman, J.C. and Leatham, W.A. 1981. Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material: Part II - Crustacea. Mar. Env. Res. 5: 301-317.

Maurer, D., Keck, R.T., Tinsman, J.C. and Leatham, W.A. 1982. Vertical migration and mortality of benthos in dredged material: Part III - Polychaeta. Mar. Env. Res. 6: 49-68.

Maurer, D., Keck, R.T., Tinsman, J.C. and Leatham, W.A. 1985. Marine benthos in relation to pore water chemistry and sediment geochemistry of simulated dredged material. Int.Revue Ges.Hydrobiol. 70: 369-377.

Maurer, D., Keck, R.T., Tinsman, J.C. and Leatham, W.A. 1986). Vertical migration and mortality of marine benthos in dredged material: A synthesis. Int.Revue Ges.Hydrobiol. 71: 49-63.

McCauley, J. E., Parr, R. A., and Hancock, D. R. 1977. Benthic infauna and maintenance dredging: a case study. Water Res. 11: 233-242.

Morton, J. W. 1977. Ecological effect of dredging and dredge spoil disposal: A literature review. 1-30. United states fish and wildlife service.

Moy, L. D. and Levin, L. A. 1991. Are Spartina marshes a replaceable resource? A functional approach to evaluation of marsh creation efforts. Estuaries 14: 1-16.

Naqvi, S. M. and Pullen, E. J. 1982. Effects of beach nourishment and borrowing on marine organisms. US Army Corps of Engineers. Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060.

Nelson, W. G. 1993. Beach restoration in the Southeastern US: Environmental effects and biological monitoring. Ocean and Coastal Management 19: 157-182.

Netto, S. A. and Lana, P. D. 1994. Effects of sediment disturbance on the structure of benthic fauna in a subtropical tidal creek of Southeastern Brazil. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 106: 239-247.

Newell, R. C., Seiderer, L. J., and Hitchcock, D. R. 1998. The impact of dredging works in coastal waters: a review of the sensitivity to disturbance and subsequent recovery of biological resources on the seabed. Oceanogr. and Mar. Biol.: Ann. Rev. 36: 127-178.

Nichols, J. A., Rowe, G.T., Clifford, C.H. and Young, R.A. 1978. In situ experiments on the burial of marine invertebrates. J. Sed. Pet. 48: 419-425.

Norton, M. G., Franklin, A., Rowlatt, S. M., Nunny, R. S., and Rolfe, M. S. 1984. The field assessment of effects of dumping wastes at sea: 12 The disposal of sewage sludge, industrial wastes and dredge spoils in Liverpool Bay. Fisheries Technical Report No. 76.

Olenin, S. 1992. Changes in a south-eastern Balthic soft-bottom community induced by dredge spoil dumping. Proceedings of the 12th Baltic marine biologists symposium, Helsingor, Denmark, pp119-123..

Oliver, J. S. and Slattery, P. N. 1976. Effects of dredging and disposal on some benthos at Monterey Bay, California. US Army Corps of Engineers. US Army Corps of Engineers Technical Paper 76-15, 1-82.

Oliver, J. S., Slattery, P. N., and Hulberg, L. W. 1977. Patterns of succession in benthic infaunal communities following dredging and dredged material disposal in Monterey Bay. US Army Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report D-77-27, 1-186.

Packard, G. C. and Stiverson, R. K. 1976. Abundance and production of macroinvertebrates from natural and artificially established salt marshes in North Carolina. The American Midland Naturalist 96: 487-493.

Paipai, E. 1994. Environmental enhancement using dredged material. PIANC. 85, 5-21.

Peddicord, R. K. 1980. Direct effects of suspended sediments on aquatic organisms. Contamination in sediments: Michigan, 501-536.

Peddicord, R. K. 1987. Overview of the influence of dredging and dredged material disposal on the fate and effects of sediment-associated chemicals. In: Fate and effects of sediment-bound chemicals in aquatic systems. Dickson, K. L., Maki, A. W., and Brungs, W. A. (eds.), Pergamon Press.

Posey, M. H., Alphin, T. D., and Powell, C. M. 1997. Plant and infaunal communities associated with a created marsh. Estuaries 20: 42-47.

Posford Duvivier. 2000. North Shotley mud placement. Analysis of effects on benthic invertebrate community, pp.1-10.

Quigley, M. P. and Hall, J. A. 1999. Recovery of macrobenthic communities after maintenance dredging in the Blyth Estuary, north-east England. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. and Freshw. Ecosys. 9: 63-73.

Ray, G. L. Clarke, D.G., Wilber, T.P. and Fredette, T.J. 1994. Construction of intertidal mudflats as a beneficial use of dredged material. Dredging '94, pp 946-955.

Ray, G. L., Clark, D., Wilber, T. P., and Fredette T.J. 1994. Ecological evaluation of mudflat habitats on the coast of Maine constructed of dredged material. US Army Corps of Engineers. Vol D-94-3, 1-5.

Ray, G. L. and Clarke, D. G. 1999. Environmental assessment of open-water placement of maintenance dredged material in Corpus Christi Bay, Texas. 1-203. Vicksburg, MS, USA. Waterways Experiment Station Final Report.

Ray, G. L. 2000. Infaunal assemblages on constructed intertidal mudflats at Jonesport, Maine (USA). Marine Pollution Bulletin 40: 1186-1200.

Rees, H. L., Rowlatt, S. M., Limpenny, D. S., Rees, E. I. S., and Rolfe, M. S. 1992. Benthic studies at dredged material disposal sites in Liverpool Bay.

Reilly, F. J. and Bellis, V. J. 1983. The ecological impact of beach nourishment with dredged materials on the intertidal zone at Bogue Banks, North Carolina. US Army Corps of Engineers. Fort Belvoir, Va. 22060.

Rhoads, D. C., McCall, P. L., and Yingst, J. Y. 1978. Disturbance and production on the estuarine seafloor. Am. Sci. 66: 577-586.

Richardson, M. D., Carey, A. G., and Colgate, W. A. 1977. Aquatic disposal field investigation, Columbia river disposal. Oregon, Corvallis School of Oceanography, Oregon State University.

Rosenberg, R. 1977. Effects of dredging operations on estuarine benthic macrofauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 8: 102-104.

Sacco, J. N., Booker, F. L., and Seneca, E. D. 1987. Comparison of the macrofaunal communities of a human-initiated salt marsh at two and fifteen years of age. Zelazny, J. and Feierabend, S. (eds.). Washington, National Wildlife Federation. Proceedings of the International Wetlands Symposium, pp282-285.

Sacco, J. N., Seneca, E. D., and Wentworth, T. R. 1994. Infaunal community development of artificially established salt marshes in North Carolina. Estuaries 17: 489-500.

Saila, S. B. 1980. Disposal of dredged materials at sea. Ten years later. Maritimes 24: 12-13.

Schratzberger, M., Rees, H. L., and Boyd, S. E. 2000. Effects of simulated deposition of dredged material on structure of nematode assemblages - the role of contamination. Mar. Biol. 136: 518-530.

Scott, J. G. and Pine, R. E. 1975. Environmental effects of dredging and spoil disposal. J. Water Pollut. Control 47: 553-561.

Scott, J., Rhoads, D. C., Rosen, J., Pratt, S., and Gentile, J. 1987. Impact of open-water disposal of Black Rock Harbor dredged material on benthic recolonisation at the FVP site. US Army Corps.

Shelton, R. G. J. 1973. Some effects of dumped, solid wastes on marine life and fisheries. In: North Sea Science, Goldberg, E. D. (ed.), pp415-203.

Sherk, A. J. 1971. Current status of the knowledge of the biological effects of suspended and deposited sediments in Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Science Supplement 13: 137-144.

Sherk, A. J., O'Connor, J. M., and Neumann, D. A. 1975. Effects of suspended and deposited sediments on estuarine environments. In: Estuarine Research, Cronin, L. E. (ed.), pp541-558.

Slotta, L. S. and Williamson, K. J. 1974. Estuarine impacts related to dredge spoil. 6th Dredging Seminar, Texas., pp20-37.

SOAEFD, 1996. Monitoring and assessment of the marine benthos at UK dredged material disposal sites. Internal Report.

Turk, T. R. and Risk, M. J. 1981. Effect of sedimentation on infaunal invertebrate populations of Cobequid Bay, Bay of Fundy. Can. J. Fish. and Aq. Sci. 38, 642-648.

Valdes-Cogliano, S., Hinckley, D., and Holm, H. W. 1989. Ecological effects of dredged materials disposal. In: The Global Ocean pp136-138.

Van Dalfsen, J. A. and Essink, K. 1997. Risk Analysis of coastal Nourishment Techniques: National Evaluation Report (The Netherlands), Haren, The Netherlands, pp1-98.

Van Dolah, R. F., Calder, D. R., Knott, D. M., and Maclin, M. S. 1979. Effects of dredging and unconfined disposal of dredged material on macrobenthic communities in Sewee Bay, South Carolina. Technical Report No. 39, pp.1-54.

Van Dolah, R. F., Calder, D. R., and Knott, D. M. 1984. Effects of dredging and open-water disposal on benthic macroinvertebrates in a South Carolina estuary. Estuaries 7: 28-37.

Vogt, C. and Walls, B. 1991. Environmental effects of dredged material disposal - EPA concerns and regulations, pp 71-80.

Wakeman, T. H. and Fong, C. C. 1975. Biological impacts of dredged material disposal on the San Francisco Bar. OTC 2158 (Offshore Technology Conference), pp93-102.

Windom, H. L. 1972. Environmental aspects of dredging in estuaries. Journal of the Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering Division 98: 475-487.

Windom, H. L. 1976. Environmental aspects of dredging in the coastal zone. Crit. Rev. Env. Cont. 6: 91-109.

Zhiying, Y., Yinde, T., Yong, Z, Dechang, C. and Liu, J. 1990. Impact of dredged material disposal on environment of muddy coast. China Ocean Engineering 4, 359-369.

Ecology of Soft-Sediment Benthic Invertebrates.

Ambrose W.G.Jr., 1984. Role of predatory infauna in structuring marine soft-bottom communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 17:109-115.

Andre C. and Rosenberg R., 1991. Adult-larval interactions in the suspension-feeding bivalves Cerastoderma edule and Mya arenaria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 71:227-234.

Angel H.H. and Angel M.V., 1967. Distribution pattern in a marine benthic community. Helgolander wiss. Meeres. 15:445-454.

Anger K., Anger V. and Hagmeier E., 1986. Laboratory studies on the larval growth of Polydora ligni, Polydora ciliata and Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta, Spionidae). Helgolander Meeres. 40:377-395.

Armonies W., 1988. Active emergence of meiofauna from intertidal sediment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 43:151-159.

Armonies W., 1994. Drifting meio- and macrobenthic invertebrates on tidal flats in Konigshafen : a review. Helgolander Meeres. 48:299-320.

Bachelet G., 1990. Recruitment of soft-sediment infaunal invertebrates: the importance of juvenile benthic stages. La mer 28:199-210.

Boesch D.F., Diaz R.S. and Virnstein R.W., 1976. Effects of tropical storm Agnes on soft-bottom macrobenthic communities of the James and York estuaries and the lower Chesapeake Bay. Chesapeake Sci. 17:246-259.

Bonsdorff E., 1989. Infaunal colonization and its dependence on environmental variation - experimental evidence from the northern Baltic Sea. In: Reproduction, genetics and distributions of marine organisms. (Fredensberg, Olsen and Olsen, eds.). pp.349-356.

Bonsdorff E., 1992. Drifting algae and zoobenthos - effects on settling and community structure. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30:57-62.

Bonsdorff E. and Osterman C-S., 1984. The establishment, succession and dynamics of a zoobenthic community - an experimental study. In: Proceedings of the 19th European marine biology symposium. Gibb P.E. (ed.). Cambridge University Press, London. pp.287-297.

Breese W.P. and Phibbs F.D., 1972. Ingestion of bivalve Molluscan larvae by the polychaete annelid Polydora ligni. Veliger 14 (3):274-275.

Brey T., 1991. Interactions in soft-bottom benthic communities: quantitative aspects of behaviour in the surface deposit feeders Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta) and Macoma balthica (Bivalvia). Helgolander Meeres. 45:301-316.

Butman C.A., 1987. Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging role of hydrodynamic processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 25:113-165.

Butman C.A., Grassle J.P. and Webb C.M., 1988a. Substrate choices made by marine larvae settling in still water and in a flume flow. Nature 333:771-773.

Butman C.A., Grassle J.P. and Buskey E.J., 1988b. Horizontal swimming and gravitational sinking of Capitella sp.I (Annelida : Polychaeta) larvae: implications for settlement. Ophelia 29 (1):43-57.

Carey D.A., 1982. Sedimentalogical, ecological and hydrodynamic effects of a tube-building polychaete (Lanice conchilega Pallas). PhD. Dissertation, University of St. Andrews.

Carey D.A., 1987. Sedimentological effects and palaeoecological implications of the tube-building polychaete Lanice conchilega Pallas. Sedimentology 34:49-66.

Commito J.A. and Boncavage E.M., 1989. Suspension-feeders and coexisting infauna: an enhancement counterexample. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 125:33-42.

Connell J.H. and Slatyer R.O., 1977. Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Amer. Natur. 111:1119-1144.

Cummings V.J., Pridmore R.D., Thrush S.F. and Hewitt J.E., 1995. Post-settlement movement by intertidal benthic macroinvertebrates: do common New Zealand species drift in the water column?. N. Zeal. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 29:59-67.

Daro M.H. and Polk P., 1973. The autecology of Polydora ciliata along the Belgian coast. Neth. J. Sea Res. 6 (1-2):130-140.

Dauer D.M. and Simon J.L., 1976a. Repopulation of the polychaete fauna of an intertidal habitat following natural defaunation: species equilibrium. Oecologia (Berl.) 22:99-117.

Dauer D.M., and Simon J.L., 1976b. Habitat expansion among polychaetous annelids repopulating a defaunated marine habitat. Mar. Biol. 37:169-177.

Desprez M., Rybarczyk H., Wilson J.G., Ducrotoy J.P., Seuer F., Olivesi R. and Elkaim B., 1992. Biological impact of eutrophication in the Bay of Somme and the induction and impact of anoxia. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30:149-159.

Dorsett D.A., 1961. The reproduction and maintenance of Polydora ciliata (Johnst.) at Whitstable. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 41:383-396.

Downing J.A., 1979. Aggregation, transformation, and the design of benthos-sampling programs. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36:1454-1463.

Dupont M.J-P., 1975. Presence de biolithosores a Pygospio elegans Claparede (Polychaetes sedentaires) dans la baie de Somme. Sedimentologie 280:1773-1776.

Eagle R.A., 1975. Natural fluctuations in a soft-bottom benthic community. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 55:865-878.

Eckman J.E., 1979. Small-scale patterns and processes in a soft-substratum, intertidal community. J. Mar. Res. 37:437-457.

Eckman J.E., 1983. Hydrodynamic processes affecting benthic recruitment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 28 (2):241-257.

Eckman J.E., Nowell A.R.M. and Jumars P.A., 1981. Sediment destabilization by animal tubes. J. Mar. Res. 39 (2):361-374.

Everett R.A., 1991. Intertidal distribution of infauna in a California lagoon: the role of seasonal blooms of macroalgae. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 150:223-247.

Fager E.W., 1964. Marine sediments: effects of a tube-building polychaete. Science 143:356-358.

Fahy E., Goodwillie R., Rochford J. and Kelly D., 1975. Eutrophication of a partially enclosed estuarine mudflat. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 6 (2):29-31.

Fauchald K. and Jumars P.A., 1979. The diet of worms: a study of polychaete feeding guilds. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 17:193-284.

Featherstone R.P. and Risk M.J., 1977. Effect of tube-building polychaetes on intertidal sediments of the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy. J. Sed. Petrol. 47 (1):446-450.

Flach E.C., 1996. The influence of the cockle, Cerastoderma edule, on the macrobenthic community of the tidal flats in the Wadden Sea. Mar. Ecol. 17 (1-3):87-98.

Frid C.L.J., 1989. The role of recolonization processes in benthic communities, with special reference to the interpretation of predator-induced effects. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 126:163-171.

Gage J.D. and Geekie A.D., 1973. Community structure of the benthos in Scottish sea-lochs. II Spatial patterns. Mar. Biol. 19:41-53.

Gage J.D. and Coghill G.G., 1977. Studies on the dispersion patterns of Scottish sea loch benthos from contiguous core transects. In: Ecology of the marine benthos. (Coull B.C., ed.). University of South Carolina Press. pp.319-337.

Gallagher E.D., Jumars P.A. and Trueblood D.D., 1983. Facilitation of soft-bottom benthic succession by tube builders. Ecology 64:1200-1216.

Grant J., Bathmann U.V. and Mills E.L., 1986. The interaction between benthic diatom films and sediment transport. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 23:225-238.

Grassle J.P., 1984. Speciation in the genus Capitella (Polychaeta, Capitellidae). In: Polychaete reproduction, Fortsschr der Zool Band 29 Fischer\ Pfannenstiel Hrsg: Polychaete reproduction. Gustaf Verlag, Stuttgart. pp.293-398.

Grassle J.F. and Sanders H.L., 1973. Life histories and the role of disturbance. Deep-Sea Res. 20:643-659.

Grassle J.F. and Grassle J.P., 1974. Opportunistic life histories and genetic systems in marine benthic polychaetes. J. Mar. Res. 32 (2):253-284.

Grassle J.P. and Butman C.A., 1989. Active habitat-selection by larvae of the polychaetes Capitella spp. I and II, in a laboratory flume. In: Reproduction, genetics and distributions of marine organisms, 23rd European marine biology symposium. Ryland J.S. and Tyler P.A. (eds.). Olsen and Olsen, Denmark. pp.107-114.

Gudmundsson H., 1985. Life history patterns of polychaete species of the family Spionidae. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 65:93-111.

Gunther C.P., 1992. Dispersal of intertidal invertebrates: a strategy to react to disturbances of different scales?. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30:45-56.

Hadfield M.G., 1986. Settlement and recruitment of marine invertebrates: a perspective and some proposals. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39 (2):418-425.

Hall S.J., Raffaelli D.G., Basford D.J. and Robertson M.R., 1990. The importance of flatfish predation and disturbance on marine benthos: an experiment with dab Limanda limanda (L.). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 136:65-76.

Hall S.J., Basford D.J., Robertson M.R., Raffaelli D.G. and Tuck I., 1991. Patterns of recolonisation and the importance of pit-digging by the crab Cancer pagurus in a subtidal sand habitat. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 72:93-102.

Hall S.J., Raffaelli D. and Thrush S.F., 1993. Patchiness and disturbance in shallow water benthic assemblages. In: Aquatic ecology: Scale, pattern and processes. Giller P.S., Hildrew A.G., and Raffaelli D. (eds.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. 649pp.

Havenhand J.N., 1993. Egg to juvenile period, generation time, and the evolution of larval type in marine invertebrates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 97:247-260.

Hewitt J.E., Thrush S.F., Cummings V.J. and Pridmore R.D., 1996. Matching patterns with processes: predicting the effect of size and mobility on the spatial distributions of the bivalves Macomona liliana and Austrovenus stutchburyi. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 135:57-67.

Hewitt J.E., Pridmore R.D., Thrush S.F. and Cummings V.J., 1997. Assessing the short-term stability of spatial patterns of macrobenthos in a dynamic estuarine system. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42 (2):282-288.

Hobson K.D. and Green R.H., 1968. Asexual and sexual reproduction of Pygospio elegans (Polychaeta) in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts. Biol. Bull. 135:410.

Hsieh H.L., 1994. Habitat selection by settling larvae of the spionid Pseudopolydora diopatrae. Memoires Du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle 162:625.

Hull S.C., 1987. Macroalgal mats and species abundance: a field experiment. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 25:519-532.

Hull S.C., 1988. The growth of macroalgal mats on the Ythan estuary, with respect to their effects on invertebrate abundance. PhD Thesis, University of Aberdeen.

Jensen K.T., 1985. The presence of the bivalve Cerastoderma edule affects migration, survival and reproduction of the amphipod Corophium volutator. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25:269-277.

Johnson R.G., 1970. Variations in diversity within benthic marine communities. Amer. Natur. 104:285-300.

Jones J.E. and Jago C.F., 1993. In situ assessment of modification of sediment properties by burrowing invertebrates. Mar. Biol. 115:133-142.

Kristensen I., 1957. Differences in density and growth in a cockle population in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Archs. neerl. Zool. 12:351-453.

Lawrie S.M., 1996. Spatial pattern in the amphipod Corophium volutator in the Ythan Estuary. PhD Thesis. University of Aberdeen.

Levin L.A., 1981. Dispersion, feeding behaviour and competition in two spionid polychaetes. J. Mar. Res. 39 (1):99-117.

Levin L.A., 1982. Interference interactions among tube-dwelling polychaetes in a dense infaunal assemblage. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 65:107-119.

Levin L.A., 1984a. Life history and dispersal patterns in a dense infaunal polychaete assemblage: community structure and response to disturbance. Ecology 65 (4):1185-1200.

Levin L.A., 1984b. Multiple patterns of development in Streblospio benedicti Webster (Spionidae) from three coasts of North America. Biol. Bull. 166:494-508.

Levin L.A., 1987. Demographic consequences of larval development mode: planktotrophy vs. lecithotrophy in Streblospio benedicti. Ecology 68 (6):1877-1886.

Levin L.A., Zhu J. and Creed E., 1991. The genetic basis of life history characters in a polychaete exhibiting planktotrophy and lecithotrophy. Evolution 45 (2):380-397.

Lindegarth M., Andre C. and Jonsson P.R., 1995. Analysis of the spatial variability in abundance and age structure of two infaunal bivalves, Cerastoderma edule and C. lamarcki, using hierarchical sampling programs. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 116:85-97.

Lukenbach M.W., 1987. Effects of adult infauna on new recruits: implications for the role of biogenic refuges. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 105:197-206.

Meadows P.S. and Tufail A., 1986. Bioturbation, microbial activity and sediment properties in an estuarine ecosystem. Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 90B:129-142.

Meadows P.S. and Hariri M.S.B., 1991. Effects of two infaunal polychaetes on sediment shear strength and permeability: an experimental approach. Symp. Zool. Soc. Lond. 63:313-316.

Meire P.M., Dereu J.P.J., van der Meer J. and Develter D.W.G., 1989. Aggregation of littoral macrobenthic species: some theoretical and practical considerations. Hydrobiologia 175:137-148.

Mendez N., Romero J. and Flos J., 1997. Population dynamics and production of the polychaete Capitella capitata in the littoral zone of Barcelona (Spain, NW Mediterranean). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 218:263-284.

Mileikovsky S.A., 1971. Types of larval development in marine bottom invertebrates, their distribution and ecological significance: a re-evaluation. Mar. Biol. 10:193-213.

Morgan T.S., 1997. The formation and dynamics of Pygospio elegans tube-beds in the Somme Bay, France. PhD Thesis, Southampton University.

Nicholls D.J., Tubbs C.R. and Haynes F.N., 1981. The effect of green algal mats on intertidal macrobenthic communities and their predators. Kieler. Meeresforsch. Sonderh. 5:511-520.

Noji C.I-M., 1994. Influence of the tube-building spionid polychaete Polydora ciliata on benthic parameters, associated fauna and transport processes. Memoires Du Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle 162:493-502.

Noji C.I-M. and Noji T.T., 1991. Tube lawns of spionid ploychaetes and their significance for recolonization of disturbed benthic substrates. Meeresforsch. 33:235-246.

Olafsson E.B., 1988. Inhibition of larval settlement to a soft-bottom benthic community by drifting algal mats: an experimental test. Mar. Biol. 97:571-574.

Olafsson E.B., Peterson C.H. and Ambrose W.G.Jr., 1994. Does recruitment limitation structure populations and communities of macro-invertebrates in marine soft sediments: the relative significance of pre- and post-settlement processes. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 32:65-109.

Pawlik J.R., Butman C.A. and Starczak V.R., 1991. Hydrodynamic facilitation of gregarious settlement of a reef-building tube-worm. Science 251:421-424.

Pearson T.H. and Rosenberg R., 1978. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 16:229-311.

Perkins E.J. and Abbott O.J., 1972. Nutrient enrichment and sandflat fauna. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 3:70-72.

Pihl L. and Rosenberg R., 1984. Food selection and consumption of the shrimp Crangon crangon in some shallow marine areas in western Sweden. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 15:159-168.

Price L.H. and Hylleberg J., 1982. Algal-faunal interactions in a mat of Ulva fenestrata in False Bay, Washington. Ophelia 21 (1):75-88.

Probert P.K., 1984. Disturbance, sediment stability, and trophic structure of soft-bottom communities. J. Mar. Res. 42:893-921.

Raffaelli D., Limia J., Hull H. and Pont S., 1991. Interactions between the amphipod Corophium volutator and macroalgal mats on estuarine mudflats. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 71:899-908.

Raffaelli D., Raven J. and Poole L., 1999. Ecological impact of green macroalgal blooms. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 9:219-236.

Ragnarsson S.A., 1996. Successional patterns and biotic interactions in intertidal sediments. PhD Thesis. University of Aberdeen.

Rasmussen E., 1953. Asexual reproduction in Pygospio elegans Claparede (Polychaeta Sedentaria). Nature 171:1161-1162.

Reise K., 1979. Spatial configurations generated by motile benthic polychaetes. Helgolander Wiss. Meeres. 32:55-72.

Reise K., 1983a. Sewage, green algal mats anchored by lugworms, and the effects on Turbellaria and small Polychaeta. Helgolander Meeres. 36:151-162.

Reise K., 1983b. Experimental removal of lugworms from marine sand affects small benthos. Mar. Biol. 74:327-332.

Reise K., 1985. Tidal flat ecology: An experimental approach to species interaction. Ecological studies, Vol. 61. Springer-Verlag. 191pp.

Rhoads D.C. and Young D.K., 1970. The influence of deposit-feeding organisms on sediment stability and community trophic structure. J. Mar. Res. 28 (2):150-178.

Sanders H.L., Goudsmit E.M., Mills E.L. and Hampson G.E., 1962. A study of the intertidal fauna of Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts. Limnol. Oceanogr. 7:63-79.

Santos S.L. and Simon J.L., 1980a. Response of soft-bottom benthos to annual catastrophic disturbance in a South Florida estuary. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 3:347-355.

Santos S.L. and Simon J.L., 1980b. Marine soft-bottom community establishment following annual defaunation: larval or adult recruitment?. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2:235-241.

Savidge W.B. and Taghon G.L., 1988. Passive and active components of colonization following two types of disturbance on intertidal sandflats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 115:137-155.

Scheltema R.S., 1974. Biological interactions determining larval settlement of marine invertebrates. Thalassia Jugoslavica 10 (1/2):263-296.

Shull D.H., 1997. Mechanisms of infaunal polychaete dispersal and colonization in an intertidal sandflat. J. Mar. Res. 55 (1):153-179.

Simard Y., Legendre P., Lavoie G. and Marcotte D., 1992. Mapping, estimating biomass and optimizing sampling programs for spatially autocorrelated data: case study of the Northern Shrimp (Pandulas borealis). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49:32-45.

Smith C.R. and Brumsickle S.J., 1989. The effects of patch size and substrate isolation on colonization modes and rates in an intertidal sediment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34 (7):1263-1277.

Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D. and Houston M., 1982. Effects of macroalgal mats on the ecology of intertidal mudflats. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 13 (5):162-166.

Soulsby P.G., Lowthion D., Houston M. and Montgomery H.A.C., 1985. The role of sewage effluent in the accumulation of macroalgal mats on intertidal mudflats in two basins in southern England. Neth. J. Sea Res. 19 (3/4):257-263.

Taghon G.L., Nowell A.R.M. and Jumars P.A., 1980. Induction of suspension feeding in spionid polychaetes by high particulate fluxes. Science 210:562-564.

Tamaki A., 1985. Inhibition of larval recruitment of Armandia sp. (Polychaeta : Opheliidae) by established adults of Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata (Okuda) (Polychaeta : Spionidae) on an intertidal sandflat. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 87:67-82.

Thistle D., 1981. Natural physical disturbances and communities of marine soft bottoms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 6:223-228.

Thorson G., 1950. Reproductive and larval ecology of marine bottom invertebrates. Biol. Rev. 25:1-45.

Thrush S.F., 1986a. The sublittoral macrobenthic community structure of an Irish sea-lough: effect of decomposing accumulations of seaweed. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 96:199-212.

Thrush S.F., 1988. The comparison of macrobenthic recolonization patterns near and away from crab burrows on a sublittoral sandflat. J. Mar. Res. 46:669-681.

Thrush S.F., 1991. Spatial pattern in soft-bottom communities. TREE 6 (3):75-79.

Thrush S.F., Hewitt J.E. and Pridmore R.D., 1989. Patterns in the spatial arrangement of polychaetes and bivalves in intertidal sandflats. Mar. Biol. 102:529-535.

Thrush S.F., Pridmore R.D., Hewitt J.E. and Cummings V.J., 1992. Adult infauna as facilitators of colonisation on intertidal sandflats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 159:253-265.

Trueblood D.D., 1991. Spatial and temporal effects of terebellid polychaete tubes on soft-bottom community structure in Phosphorescent Bay, Puerto Rico. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 149:139-159.

Tufail A., Meadows P.S. and McLaughlin P., 1989. Meso- and micro-scale heterogeneity in benthic community structure and the sedimentary environment on an intertidal muddy-sand beach. Scientifica Marina 53:319-327.

Turner S.J., Grant J., Pridmore R.D., Hewitt J.E., Wilkinson M.R., Hume T.M. and Morrisey D.J., 1997. Bedload and water-column transport and colonization processes by post-settlement benthic macrofauna: does infaunal density matter?. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 216:51-75.

Vance R.R., 1973. On reproductive strategies in marine benthic invertebrates. Amer. Natur. 107:339-352.

Volckaert F., 1987. Spatial pattern of soft-bottom polychaeta off Nova Scotia, Canada. Mar. Biol. 93:627-639.

Warren L.M., 1976. A population study of the polychaete Capitella capitata at Plymouth. Mar. Biol. 38:209-216.

Warwick R.M., Davey J.T., Gee J.M. and George C.L., 1982. Faunistic control of Enteromorpha blooms: a field experiment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 56:23-31.

Wharfe J.R., 1977. An ecological survey of the benthic invertebrate macrofauna of the lower Medway Estuary, Kent. J. Anim. Ecol. 46:93-113.

Whitlatch R.B. and Zajac R.N., 1985. Biotic interactions among estuarine infaunal opportunistic species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 21:299-311.

Wilson D.P., 1958. Some problems in larval ecology related to the localised distribution of bottom animals. In: Perspectives in marine biology (Buzzati-Traverso A.A., ed.). pp.87-103.

Wilson W.H.Jr., 1983. The role of density dependence in a marine infaunal community. Ecology 64 (2):295-306.

Wilson W.H.Jr., 1985. Food limitation of asexual reproduction in a spionid polychaete. Int. J. Invert. Reprod. Dev. 8:61-65.

Wilson W.H.Jr., 1992. Dispersal of adult infaunal organisms: lateral or vertical migration?. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Zool. Can. Soc. Zool. 32 (5):121.

Wilson W.H.Jr., 1994. Dispersal of soft-bottom benthos: migration through the water column or through the sediment?. In: Dispersal of benthic infauna. Symposium of reproduction and development of marine invertebrates. (Wilson W.H., Stricker S.A. and Shinn G.L., eds.). pp.302-312.

Wiltse W., Foreman K., Valiela I. and Teal J., 1981. Regulation of benthic invertebrates in salt marsh creeks. Estuaries 4:254.

Woodin S.A., 1976. Adult-larval interactions in dense infaunal assemblages: patterns of abundance. J. Mar. Res. 34:25-41.

Woodin S.A., 1977. Algal 'gardening' behaviour by nereid polychaetes: effects on soft-bottom community structure. Mar. Biol. 44:39-42.

Woodin S.A., 1978. Refuges, disturbance and community structure: a marine soft-bottom example. Ecology 59 (2):274-284.

Woodin S.A., 1981. Disturbance and community structure in a shallow water sandflat. Ecology 62 (4):1052-1066.

Woodin S.A., 1982. Browsing: important in marine sedimentary environments?. Spionid polychaete examples. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 60:35-45.

Woodin S.A., 1984. Effect of browsing predators: activity changes in infauna following tissue loss. Biol. Bull. 166:558-573.

Woodin S.A., 1985. Effects of defecation by arenicolid polychaete adults on spionid polychaete juveniles in field experiments: selective settlement or differential mortality?. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 87:119-132.

Woodin S.A., 1986. Settlement of infauna: larval choice?. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39 (2):401-407.

Yokoyama H., 1990. Life history and population structure of the spionid polychaete Paraprionospio sp. (form A). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 144:125-143.

Zajac R. N., 1991. Population ecology of Polydora ligni (Polychaeta: Spionidae). I. Seasonal variation in population characteristics and reproductive activity. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 77:197-206.

Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982a. Responses of estuarine infauna to disturbance. I. Spatial and temporal variation of initial recolonization. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10:1-14.

Zajac R.N. and Whitlatch R.B., 1982b. Responses of estuarine infauna to disturbance. II. Spatial and temporal variation of succession. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10:15-27.

Zettler M.L. and Bick A., 1996. The analysis of small- and meso-scale dispersion patterns of Marenzelleria viridis (Polychaeta : Spionidae) in a coastal water area of the southern Baltic. Helgolander Meeres. 50:265-286.