Species data

Common names

Name:

Oyster, European flat

Family:

Oysters

Name:

Bivalve shellfish

Latin names

Name:

Ostrea edulis

Family:

Ostreidae

Name:

Prionodesmacea

Diseases affected

Disease name	Occurance	Reference
Bonamiosis	Unknown	Bonamia ostreae present in flat oysters (Ostrea edulis) does not infect mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis).
Bonamiosis	Natural occurrence	Bonamiasis: a model study of diseases in marine molluscs.
Bonamiosis	Experimental demonstration	Experimental contamination of Ostrea edulis Linne by Bonamia ostreae (Pichot et al., 1979) in Crach River (Morbihan).
Bonamiosis	Natural occurrence	OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases (3rd edition). OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition). Research on Bonamia ostreae gen. n., sp. n., a new parasite of the flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. World Animal Health in 1997. Part 1. Reports on the animal health status and disease control methods.
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa	Natural occurrence	Bonamia exitiosa in European Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis) on the Croatian Adriatic Coast from 2016 to 2020
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa	Experimental demonstration	Detection of Bonamia exitiosa in the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis in southern Portugal
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa	Natural occurrence	Detection of Bonamia ostreae and B. exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in Ostrea edulis from the Adriatic Sea (Italy).
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa	Experimental demonstration	Ephemeral detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporida) in adult and larval European flat oysters Ostrea edulis in the Solent, United Kingdom.
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa	Natural occurrence	First detection of the protozoan parasite Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) infecting flat oyster Ostrea edulis grown in European waters.
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa	Unknown	Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, Croatia [Immediate notification 25/07/16]
Infection with Bonamia exitiosa	Natural occurrence	Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, Italy [Immediate notifiaction]
Infection with Bonamia ostreae	Experimental demonstration	A naive population of European oyster Ostrea edulis with reduced susceptibility to the pathogen Bonamia ostreae: are S-strategy life traits providing protection? An eDNA/eRNA-based approach to investigate the life cycle of non-cultivable shellfish micro-parasites: the case of Bonamia ostreae, a parasite of the European flat oysterOstrea edulis
Infection with Bonamia ostreae	Natural occurrence	Detection of Bonamia ostreae and B. exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in Ostrea edulis from the Adriatic Sea (Italy).
Infection with Bonamia ostreae	Experimental demonstration	Is pallial mucus involved in Ostrea edulis defenses against the parasite Bonamia ostreae? Long-term affected flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) haemocytes show differential gene expression profiles from naïve oysters in response to Bonamia ostreae
Infection with Bonamia ostreae	Natural occurrence	OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code 2005 [8th edition] OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code 2010 (13th edition) OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code 2011 (Online) OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006). Signatures of selection for bonamiosis resistance in European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis): New genomic tools for breeding programs and management of natural resources
Infection with Marteilia refringens	Natural occurrence	Investigating the Environmental Survival of Marteilia refringens, a Marine Protozoan Parasite of the Flat Oyster Ostrea edulis, Through an Environmental DNA and Microscopy-Based Approach
Infection with Marteilia refringens	Experimental demonstration	Marteilia refringens and Marteilia pararefringens sp. nov. are distinct parasites of bivalves and have different European distributions
Infection with Marteilia refringens	Natural occurrence	OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code 2005 [8th edition] OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code 2010 (13th edition) OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code 2011 (Online) OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006).
Infection with Mikrocytos mackini	Experimental demonstration	Detection, isolation, and host specificity of Mikrocytos mackini, the cause of Denman Island disease in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas.
Infection with Mikrocytos mackini	Unknown	OIE Aquatic Animal Health Code 2005 [8th edition]
Infection with Mikrocytos mackini	Natural occurrence	OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006).
Marteiliosis	Natural occurrence	Development of the epidemiological situation resulting from the presence of Bonamia ostreae since 1979. OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases (3rd edition). OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition).
Mikrocytosis	Natural occurrence	OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases (3rd edition). OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition).

Countries affected

Country	Reference
Canada	Bonamia ostreae in Canada: Additional information. OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006). World Animal Health in 1999. Part 1. Reports on the Animal Health Staus and Disease Control Methods World Animal Health in 2004. Part 1. Reports on the animal health status and disease control methods. Page 87 (13).
Croatia	Bonamia exitiosa in European Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis) on the Croatian Adriatic Coast from 2016 to 2020 Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, Croatia [Immediate notification 25/07/16]
Denmark	Infection with Bonamia ostreae, Denmark [Immediate notification 04/03/2015]
France	OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition). OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006).
Greece	OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition).
Ireland	Infection with Bonamia ostreae, Ireland [Immediate notification 29/11/06] OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006). World Animal Health in 2004. Part 1. Reports on the animal health status and disease control methods. Page 204 (10).
Italy	Detection of Bonamia ostreae and B. exitiosa (Haplosporidia) in Ostrea edulis from the Adriatic Sea (Italy). Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, Italy [Immediate notifiaction] OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition). OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006).
Morocco	Infection with Marteilia refringens in Morocco. OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition).
Netherlands	Application of a competitive real time PCR for detection of Marteilia refringens genotype “O” and “M” in two geographical locations: The Ebro Delta, Spain and the Rhine-Meuse Delta, the Netherlands Control of Bonamia in Dutch oyster culture. Epidemiology of Bonamia ostreae infecting European flat Oysters Ostrea edulis from Lake Grevelingen, The Netherlands. OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006).
Norway	Infection with Bonamia ostreae, Norway: Immediate notification
Portugal	Detection of Bonamia exitiosa in the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis in southern Portugal Detection of Marteilia refingens infecting the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis and the dwarf oyster Ostrea stentina in southern Portugal and Spain. OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition).
Spain	Application of a competitive real time PCR for detection of Marteilia refringens genotype “O” and “M” in two geographical locations: The Ebro Delta, Spain and the Rhine-Meuse Delta, the Netherlands Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) observed infecting the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis cultured on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. Bonamia parasites: a rapidly changing perspective on a genus of important mollusc pathogens. First detection of the protozoan parasite Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporidia) infecting flat oyster Ostrea edulis grown in European waters. Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, Spain (Immediate notification) Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, Spain [Immediate notification: Final Report] OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic Animal Diseases 2003 (4th edition). OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006). Present status of bonamiasis in Galicia (NW Spain).
United Kingdom	A naive population of European oyster Ostrea edulis with reduced susceptibility to the pathogen Bonamia ostreae: are S-strategy life traits providing protection? Bonamia ostrea in the United Kingdom/Great Britain (Wales) Bonamia ostrea in the United Kingdom/Great Britain. (Scotland) Ephemeral detection of Bonamia exitiosa (Haplosporida) in adult and larval European flat oysters Ostrea edulis in the Solent, United Kingdom. Epidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012. Infection with Bonamia exitiosa, United Kingdom [Immediate notification] Infection with Bonamia osteae, United Kingdom (Immediate notification) Infection with Bonamia ostrea, United Kingdom [Immediate notification - 13.3.08] OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006).
United States of America	OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests for Aquatic Animals (5th edition, 2006).

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